Hi Matt, I'm glad there is no visible signs of damage and I've never heard a fuse making a bang noise to be honest.
Here's some pics which should help you find the fusebox :) don't worry about being a novice, we all had to learn at some point :) the fact the lights are working normal make me wonder if it's a wiring issue, like a dodgy earth.
With regard to your heated seats, do both seats only heat the back and not the base or is it just the driver's seat that doesn't heat the base?
With regard to the temp gauge one of the first things I'd check is the thermostat.
But more importantly with all the issues you're having I'd get a diagnostic check carried out to see what fault codes flag up.
Hope I've helped
Cheers
Steve